5G has the potential to significantly transform our lives, says Charles Schroeder, Business and Technology fellow, National Instruments. From better business communications, to smarter homes and factories, to advances in autonomous vehicles.
To enable such transformations, 5G wireless devices will need to be faster, have a lower latency and have unparalleled connectivity in comparison to previous generations. As a result, they will be more complex in their makeup and so require a new approach to testing
Previously, test engineers had been iterating on an accepted set of measurements and techniques to test wireless communications technology in high volumes, from RF semiconductors to base stations and mobile handsets. With 5G, the technology inside these wireless devices will be more complex, so the highly optimised techniques that have been used to test previous generations will need to be rethought. Testing 5G components and devices with over-the-air (OTA) methods instead of the cabled methods currently in use will be necessary to validate the performance of 5G technology.
New technologies to boost bandwidth
One of the main goals of the 5G standard is to significantly increase data capacity to 10 Gbps per user, to meet increased user data demands. But to achieve this, new technologies are being introduced. First, the 5G spec includes Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) technology that allows users to simultaneously share the same frequency band through beamforming technology, creating unique, focused wireless connections for each user. Second, the 5G standard adds more wireless spectrum, expanding into centimetre and millimetre wave (mmWave) frequencies.
Physical implementations of both the MU-MIMO and mmWave technologies use significantly more antenna elements than previous generations of cellular standards. The laws of physics dictate that signals at mmWave frequencies will attenuate considerably faster as they travel through free space than signals at the current cellular frequencies. So, for a similar transmitted power level, mmWave cellular frequencies will have a much smaller range than current cellular bands.
To overcome this path loss, 5G transmitters and receivers will utilise antenna arrays working simultaneously and using beamforming technology to boost the signal power instead of the single antenna per band in current devices. Though important for increasing the signal power, these same antenna arrays and beamforming techniques are crucial to implementing MU-MIMO techniques.
To fit all these antennas into tomorrow’s mobile phones, the antennas at mmWave frequencies will be much smaller than the cellular antennas used for current standards. New packaging technologies, like antenna in package (AiP), will ease the integration of these antennas into the small space constraints of the modern smartphone, but the arrays of antennas may be completely enclosed without any directly contactable test points.
How OTA can address new challenges
For test engineers, the increased frequencies, new package technologies, and greater antenna counts will make it difficult to keep quality high while limiting increases in both capital costs (cost of test equipment) and operating costs (time to test each device). New OTA techniques will help overcome these issues, but also presents a few challenges.
Firstly, measurement accuracy will be challenging. Unlike cabled tests, when making OTA measurements, test engineers will deal with the additional measurement uncertainty that comes with antenna calibration and accuracy, fixturing tolerance, and signal reflections. Secondly, brand new measurements must be integrated into device test plans for anechoic chamber integration, beam characterisation, optimal code-book calculation, and antenna parametre characterisation.
Thirdly, as RF bandwidths continue to increase, the processing needs for calibrating and making measurements on these wide bandwidths also increases, which adds to test time concerns. Finally, test managers must make additional business considerations to ensure product quality while minimising the impact to time to market, capital cost, operating cost, and floor space (to accommodate the OTA chambers).
While OTA presents challenges, it also offers benefits. First, OTA is the only option for AiP technologies because the antenna arrays are integrated inside a package with no way to directly cable to the array elements. Even if test engineers could contact individual antenna elements using conducted test methods, they face the difficult choice of testing them in parallel or testing them serially (at the operating expense of test time and throughput). Many technical issues still need to be solved, but OTA test offers the possibility of testing the array as a system instead of a set of individual elements, which could lead to the greater efficiency promises of system-level test.
In the past, test equipment suppliers and engineers have successfully overcome the challenge of testing increasing performance and complexity while minimising time to market and cost of test. So, I have every confidence that they can do it again for 5G. While the challenges of testing 5G look complex today, engineers around the world are making great progress in developing the new test instruments and methods, like OTA, that are necessary to make 5G a commercial success tomorrow.
The author is Charles Schroeder, Business and Technology fellow, National Instruments
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